Table of Contents
Overview
Definition and Scope
Environmental toxicology is a multidisciplinary field focused on the impact of toxic substances on the environment and living organisms. It evaluates the harmful effects of chemical, biological, and physical agents on human health, wildlife, and ecosystems.[3.1] Unlike traditional toxicology, which typically examines individual organisms in controlled settings, environmental toxicology considers the complex interactions between pollutants, species, and ecosystems.[4.1] The scope of this field includes ecotoxicology, which specifically investigates toxicants' effects at the population and ecosystem levels.[4.1] It involves understanding exposure routes and assessing health and ecological risks associated with contaminants.[4.1] Environmental toxicology is crucial for risk assessment, estimating hazards posed by pollutants, including emerging contaminants like pharmaceuticals and microplastics.[2.1] Furthermore, the field is foundational for public health protection, identifying health risks from environmental exposure to toxins, such as air and water pollutants.[4.1] It also addresses political and societal aspects, examining how risks vary based on exposure intensity, duration, and genetic susceptibility.[5.1] Overall, environmental toxicology is essential for informing regulatory standards and safeguarding both human health and the environment from toxic substances.[5.1]Importance in Public Health
Environmental toxicology is crucial in public health by identifying threats from chemicals, pollutants, and toxins encountered daily. It provides scientific evidence on harmful effects, informing public health policies and regulations to protect vulnerable populations from environmental hazards.[6.1] Integrating toxicology into public health frameworks is essential for risk assessment, regulation, and developing strategies to mitigate exposure to toxic substances.[8.1] Recent literature emphasizes the importance of linking toxicology with regulatory and policy decisions, with foundational texts like "Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health" illustrating the impact of toxic substances on human health.[7.1] The One Health paradigm, connecting human, animal, and environmental health, is vital for addressing complex toxicological challenges, highlighting the need for systems-level thinking in toxicology.[8.1] Effective regulation of environmental contaminants depends on robust ecotoxicological data, enabling policymakers to protect ecosystems and public health.[9.1] Integrating ecotoxicology into regulatory frameworks ensures human activities do not compromise environmental integrity.[9.1] As environmental challenges evolve, adaptive toxicology and regulatory frameworks are needed to address intricate toxicological risks associated with climate change.[10.1] Assessing chemical mixtures presents challenges for toxicologists and regulators, requiring a deep understanding of environmental regulations and modern toxicology's historical context.[11.1] The interaction between scientific findings and regulatory frameworks is crucial for addressing new and unregulated chemicals as environmental objectives become more sophisticated.[12.1] Continuous evaluation of ecotoxicity data is recommended to incorporate new insights into regulatory practices, aligning with initiatives like the European Union Green Deal.[13.1] Emerging pollutants, such as microplastics, have raised concerns about their impact on human health and ecosystems. Microplastics pose substantial risks to marine life and other ecosystems, necessitating a robust understanding of their effects.[16.1] Their prevalence in the environment and detection in human samples underscore the urgency of addressing these contaminants through informed toxicological assessments.[17.1] As environmental toxicology evolves to address these emerging pollutants, it remains a critical component of public health strategies aimed at protecting human health and the environment.History
Early Developments in Toxicology
In 2009, the National Research Council (NRC) published a significant advisory report titled "Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment," which highlighted the evolution of risk assessment practices at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and underscored the influence of early toxicological studies on these practices. This report made several recommendations aimed at improving risk assessment methodologies, indicating that the foundational work in toxicology has had a lasting impact on contemporary approaches to assessing human health risks associated with environmental exposures.[41.1] The development of modern risk assessment practices can be traced back to pivotal toxicological studies that established essential principles and methodologies. These early studies provided critical insights into the relationship between exposure to environmental contaminants and adverse health effects, thereby shaping the framework for risk assessment used today. The NRC's report reflects the ongoing dialogue between evolving scientific understanding and regulatory practices, emphasizing the need for continuous improvement in risk assessment to protect public health and the environment.[41.1]Key Milestones in Environmental Toxicology
SECTION: Key Milestones in Environmental Toxicology The foundations of modern environmental toxicology are built upon significant milestones and discoveries that have shaped the field over time. This multidisciplinary field focuses on studying the harmful effects of toxic substances on the environment and living organisms, with ecotoxicology specifically examining impacts at the population and ecosystem levels.[44.1] Over the past three decades, the study of human exposure to environmental toxicants has evolved significantly. Initial observational studies provided critical information for generating hypotheses about human contact with these substances.[43.1] The development of ecotoxicity testing methods has been pivotal, enabling the evaluation of chemical impacts on fish, animals, plants, and soil, and assessing effects on survival, reproduction, and growth following exposure.[48.1] Key historical events, such as industrial accidents, have profoundly influenced regulatory frameworks surrounding chemical exposure. The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984, which resulted in thousands of deaths and long-term health issues, prompted changes in chemical manufacturing regulations.[50.1] Similarly, the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989, one of the most significant environmental disasters in U.S. history, led to increased scrutiny and regulatory reforms in environmental policy.[51.1] These events underscored the necessity for comprehensive risk assessment frameworks to evaluate long-term health risks associated with environmental chemical incidents, integrating environmental monitoring and modeling approaches.[46.1] The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) was enacted in response, mandating that companies with hazardous chemicals on-site assist local emergency services in preparing for potential releases that could impact public health and the environment.[52.1]Recent Advancements
Emerging Contaminants and Their Impact
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are a significant concern in environmental toxicology, encompassing a diverse array of chemicals that threaten human health and the environment. Recent studies have identified various ECs, including legacy pollutants like heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), alongside newer pollutants such as perfluorinated compounds, microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides.[93.1] Understanding the adverse effects and toxic mechanisms of these substances is crucial, with ongoing research dedicated to developing advanced detection methods and monitoring exposure in both biological and human contexts.[93.1] Advancements in toxicology have enhanced our understanding of ECs' impacts. Innovations like organ-on-a-chip technology and machine learning are improving the accuracy of safety assessments and promoting ethical testing practices.[91.1] Additionally, comparative and predictive toxicology methods are gaining regulatory acceptance, facilitating improved chemical hazard and risk assessments without relying solely on traditional animal testing.[92.1] These developments are vital for evaluating the effects of chemical pollution both pre- and post-contamination.[92.1] To manage EC risks effectively, comprehensive strategies are essential. Recent reviews emphasize the need for increased research funding, advanced detection technologies, and standardized monitoring methods.[94.1] Precautionary regulations and heightened public awareness are critical components of a proactive approach to managing these contaminants.[90.1] Cross-sectoral collaboration and integrating scientific research into policy-making are also crucial for addressing EC challenges.[90.1] Public health policy is adapting to these findings, particularly in regulating emerging contaminants. Initiatives like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Tackling Emerging Contaminants (TEC) program aim to assist small or disadvantaged communities in assessing and addressing drinking water contamination from ECs and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).[114.1] This initiative includes diagnostic water quality sampling, source water assessment, and community engagement efforts to raise awareness about EC risks.[115.1] By fostering public engagement and collaboration, public health specialists can mitigate the risks posed by emerging contaminants, ensuring safer environmental conditions for communities.[113.1]Innovations in Toxicological Research Methods
Recent advancements in environmental toxicology have introduced several innovative research methods that significantly enhance the assessment of chemical toxicity. These include gene editing technologies, organ-on-a-chip systems, chimeric animals, and in silico models, each contributing to a more accurate understanding of environmental pollutants' effects on human health and ecosystems. Gene editing technologies have emerged as powerful tools, facilitating applications in gene screening, drug development, and disease treatment, as well as in the study of environmental toxicants.[77.1] These technologies allow for precise modifications in genetic material, enabling researchers to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity at a molecular level. Organ-on-a-chip systems provide a realistic simulation of human organ responses to environmental toxins. These microfluidic platforms integrate three-dimensional tissue-engineered constructs with microfluidic networks, effectively bridging the gap between traditional two-dimensional cell cultures and in vivo models.[95.1] By mimicking the physiological conditions of human organs, organ-on-a-chip systems enhance the predictive accuracy of toxicity assessments and offer a promising alternative to animal testing.[96.1] Chimeric animals, incorporating cells from different species, allow researchers to study the effects of environmental pollutants in a living organism that closely resembles human biology.[77.1] This approach aids in understanding species-specific responses to toxic substances. In silico models, utilizing computational techniques to predict toxicity, are increasingly integrated into regulatory frameworks. These models leverage machine learning and artificial intelligence to analyze chemical structures and predict their potential harmful effects without the need for animal testing.[84.1] Computational toxicology is gaining traction due to its ability to provide rapid assessments and reduce reliance on traditional animal models, which are often costly and time-consuming.[83.1]In this section:
Mechanisms Of Toxicity
Molecular Mechanisms in Environmental Toxicology
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of toxicity is essential for interpreting the effects of environmental toxicants on biological systems. These mechanisms typically involve a sequence of events initiated by exposure to toxicants, which interact at the cellular level. Toxicants can enter the human body through various pathways, such as the skin, blood, respiratory, and digestive tracts, affecting multiple organs, including the immune system.[126.1] The nature of exposure—whether a single acute high dose or repeated lower doses—significantly influences the manifestation of toxic effects and the biological responses to environmental contaminants.[122.1] Cellular mechanisms contributing to toxicity often involve oxidative stress, a key pathway for chemical-induced pathology in humans.[131.1] Recent advancements underscore the role of biomarkers in monitoring toxicant exposure, offering insights into their molecular effects and mechanisms of action.[127.1] Additionally, research into epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, reveals how environmental exposures can influence cellular differentiation and function.[132.1] Beyond molecular interactions, the ecological implications of toxicant exposure are profound. For example, aquatic organisms exposed to pollutants show immunotoxic symptoms, such as altered immune functionality and increased infection susceptibility.[129.1] This underscores the necessity for comprehensive ecological risk assessments that account for the immunotoxicological impacts of environmental contaminants. As environmental toxicology progresses, regulatory frameworks must adapt to incorporate new scientific insights into toxicity mechanisms, ensuring policies effectively address emerging challenges and protect public health.[133.1] The integration of high-throughput techniques and in silico toxicology approaches is advancing, aiming to reduce reliance on animal testing while enhancing the understanding of toxicity mechanisms.[134.1]Effects on Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Environmental pollutants significantly impact ecosystems and biodiversity, primarily through their interactions with various environmental components. Functional groups of pollutants, such as carboxyl, amide, phosphoryl, and hydroxyl, are crucial in removing toxic substances from contaminated environments, aiding soil remediation and restoration. This process can be enhanced by bio-electrochemical systems using electrochemically active microorganisms, promoting sustainable remediation technologies.[135.1] Pollutants are increasingly recognized as epigenetic toxicants, altering epigenetic marks like DNA methylation and histone modification. Understanding their epigenotoxicity is vital for comprehending their adverse effects on ecosystems.[136.1] The interactions between air pollution and terrestrial ecosystems significantly influence biogeochemical cycling and climate, affecting air quality and its impact on human health and ecosystems.[137.1] Synergistic interactions between abiotic and biotic buffering processes can enhance ecosystem resistance to multiple stressors, mitigating the negative effects of toxic pollutants. Reducing pollutant concentrations through various mechanisms helps suppress their detrimental impacts on terrestrial ecosystems.[138.1] Sewage pollution poses a critical threat to biodiversity and ecosystem health, with contamination hotspots globally across terrestrial, aquatic, and marine systems. This intersection with natural habitats necessitates urgent attention from conservation biologists and public health sectors to address its pervasive effects.[146.1] Water pollution, from industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and plastic waste, threatens freshwater ecosystems and coastal areas, endangering aquatic life. Soil pollution disrupts beneficial microorganisms essential for nutrient cycling and plant growth, leading to broader implications for ecosystem health. Pollution impacts biodiversity at all levels, disrupting predator-prey relationships, reducing plant community diversity, and diminishing ecosystem resilience to disturbances such as climate change.[147.1]Risk Assessment
Principles of Risk Assessment in Environmental Toxicology
Risk assessment in environmental toxicology is a systematic process that evaluates the potential adverse effects of chemicals on human health and ecosystems. Unlike traditional toxicology, it considers the interactions between pollutants, various species, and entire ecosystems, rather than focusing solely on individual organisms in controlled settings.[160.1] The process involves several key components: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Initially, hazard identification evaluates the potential for a chemical to cause harm.[162.1] This is followed by dose-response assessment, which examines the relationship between the chemical dose and the severity of its effects.[163.1] Exposure assessment determines the extent of exposure to the chemical for humans or ecological receptors.[163.1] Finally, risk characterization integrates information from these steps to provide an overall risk assessment.[162.1] Environmental risk assessments (ERAs) are crucial for understanding chemical exposure implications in various contexts, such as workplaces or residential areas. They require a thorough evaluation of the chemical's toxicity and exposure potential, which is vital for public health protection.[163.1] Methodologies like Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) enhance the transparency and accountability of the assessment process.[166.1] Regulatory frameworks guide the risk assessment process, ensuring it is conducted systematically and transparently. These frameworks help balance industrial growth with environmental stewardship, fostering trust and enhancing the reputation of organizations committed to environmental accountability.[165.1] Public participation and stakeholder engagement are crucial for effective ERAs, promoting transparency and incorporating diverse perspectives.[168.1] Despite the structured approach, challenges remain, particularly in hazard identification, due to uncertainties and complexities associated with environmental contaminants, as seen in debates over chemicals like glyphosate.[169.1] Developing a conceptual model to define possible exposure scenarios is essential for addressing these challenges and improving the evaluation of environmental contaminants.[170.1]Tools and Methodologies for Risk Evaluation
A comprehensive approach to assessing the cumulative impacts of pollutants on ecosystems involves integrating both quantitative and qualitative data through various methodologies. One effective method employs a scoring system to evaluate relative cumulative impacts within communities. This system considers pollution burdens, which encompass exposures to pollutants and their associated public health and environmental effects, alongside community characteristics such as sensitivity and socioeconomic factors. The cumulative impact score for an area is calculated by multiplying its pollution burden score by its population characteristics score, offering a nuanced understanding of cumulative impacts.[176.1] Modeling approaches are also essential for evaluating ecosystem-level cumulative effects. Simple models, which often assume linear responses to stressors without accounting for interactions between them, provide valuable insights into ecosystem dynamics.[177.1] However, a more holistic understanding is achieved by focusing on community and ecosystem-level responses, combining in-situ observations, such as mesocosm experiments, with modeling techniques.[178.1] This dual approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of how multiple stressors interact and affect coastal ecosystems, particularly considering the synergistic effects of climate change and chemical pollution.[179.1] There is a growing demand for managing the structural properties of entire communities to preserve ecosystem integrity. This includes applying regional cumulative effects assessments, which are crucial for an ecosystem-based approach to environmental management.[180.1] Integrating various ecosystem indicators, such as those used by the U.S. Forest Service, is vital for monitoring ecosystem health. These indicators include the health of epiphytic lichens and ozone bioindicator plants, serving as critical measures of forest biodiversity and air quality.[193.1] To effectively evaluate ecosystem resilience in the face of pollution, a suite of indicators is necessary. These indicators should encompass various ecosystem processes, providing insights into the early stages of recovery from stressors. Functional indicators, in particular, can complement traditional biotic indicators, enhancing the assessment of ecosystem health and recovery potential.[194.1] Decision-makers must act when ecosystem health indicators reach undesirable levels to restore preferred conditions, emphasizing the importance of timely and informed environmental management.[195.1]In this section:
Regulatory Framework
International Guidelines and Standards
International guidelines and standards are integral to the regulatory framework of environmental toxicology, particularly in managing the risks posed by chemicals, drugs, and other substances. Regulatory toxicology combines scientific knowledge with regulatory practices to devise strategies for minimizing exposure to hazardous chemicals, underpinned by legal frameworks established by governmental agencies.[199.1] In the European Union, legislation requires an environmental risk assessment (ERA) for all new applications for marketing authorization of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. This ensures that potential environmental impacts are assessed before a product is marketed.[200.1] The ERA must comply with specific guidelines, such as the Guideline on Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use, established in 2006.[200.1] The interplay between international and domestic law significantly influences environmental toxicology regulations. Effective management of transnational pollution demands both international treaties and domestic legal frameworks, as these issues often cross national borders.[206.1] However, harmonizing these approaches presents challenges, as international agreements are typically voluntary, allowing for flexibility in national implementation.[208.1] This can result in discrepancies in how countries address environmental risks, potentially undermining global efforts to protect public health and the environment.[207.1] Aligning domestic laws with international standards is crucial for effectively addressing transboundary environmental issues. This integration promotes a unified approach to safeguarding environmental health for future generations.[206.1] Nonetheless, the absence of enforcement mechanisms at the international level and varying capacities among states to implement these policies can impede progress.[207.1]National Policies and Their Impact
National policies on environmental toxicology are shaped by the interaction of scientific research, public perception, and industry practices. In Canada, industries significantly influence environmental regulations by balancing economic growth with sustainability. Governments set environmental policies, while industries lobby for favorable terms, invest in green technology, and implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, thereby actively engaging in the regulatory landscape.[201.1] The polymer manufacturing industry illustrates how environmental regulations can drive innovation. These regulations are crucial for minimizing environmental impacts and promoting sustainability, compelling manufacturers to innovate in processing techniques, materials, and product design. This regulatory framework not only demands compliance but also fosters opportunities for sustainable industrial practices.[202.1] Companies that engage in regulatory reporting and open comment periods can position themselves as proactive leaders, influencing policy decisions and demonstrating environmental responsibility to stakeholders.[203.1] Recent sustainability regulations in the EU and the U.S. have prompted B2B manufacturers to reevaluate production processes and supply chains. These regulations aim to enhance transparency and standardization in data related to sustainability targets, reshaping the sales strategies of companies supplying to manufacturers.[204.1] Public perception is critical in developing regulatory policies in environmental toxicology. The general public and experts often perceive environmental issues differently, leading to regulatory responses that may not align with expert recommendations. This discrepancy suggests that regulations based on factual claims diverging from public opinion may face political challenges.[214.1] Additionally, media influence on public perception can complicate the landscape, as heightened media focus on environmental issues shapes public understanding and concern.[211.1] Collaboration among industry, government, and academic institutions is increasingly recognized as vital for developing effective environmental regulations. Such collaborations can synergize the unique strengths of each sector, promoting scientific innovation and addressing public health needs.[220.1] However, challenges persist, particularly regarding perceptions of bias in these partnerships, which can undermine collaborative efforts.[221.1] Despite these challenges, successful collaborations have the potential to enhance the quality of scientific approaches and outcomes in regulatory contexts, as seen in initiatives like the FDA's Innovative Science and Technology Approaches for New Drugs (ISTAND) Pilot Program.[222.1]In this section:
Interdisciplinary Approaches
Integration with Other Scientific Disciplines
Environmental toxicology is a multidisciplinary field that integrates various scientific disciplines to address complex environmental challenges. This integration is crucial for understanding the interactions between toxic substances and living organisms, as well as the broader ecological implications. The One Health paradigm, which connects human, animal, and environmental health, exemplifies this approach by emphasizing systems-level thinking in toxicology. This framework is vital for risk assessment and developing mitigation strategies.[239.1] The graduate program in Environmental Toxicology reflects this interdisciplinary focus, preparing students for diverse careers in academia, private sectors, and government agencies. The curriculum underscores the importance of integrating knowledge from various fields to effectively tackle environmental issues.[240.1] Environmental toxicology includes sub-specializations such as descriptive toxicology, forensic toxicology, and ecological risk assessment, each offering unique insights into the effects of toxicants on health and ecosystems.[241.1] Ecological principles are integral to the design and implementation of ecotoxicological research, essential for predicting the effects of contaminants within ecosystems.[244.1] The integration of ecological risk assessment with toxicology provides a framework for evaluating the impacts of pollutants on biodiversity and ecosystem health, bridging the gap between toxicological research and environmental conservation.[245.1] Incorporating omics technologies—such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics—into environmental toxicology enhances the detection of biological responses to low-dose and long-term pollutant exposures. This integration allows for a comprehensive understanding of the long-term impacts of environmental toxins on ecosystems and human health.[246.1] The intersection of social sciences with environmental and biophysical sciences is critical for addressing complex environmental problems. Research initiatives, such as those by the EPA’s Office of Research and Development, highlight the importance of integrating these disciplines to formulate effective solutions for environmental challenges.[247.1] This holistic approach enriches the scientific understanding of toxicological impacts and informs policy decisions related to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management.[247.1]Collaborative Efforts in Environmental Health
Collaborative efforts in environmental health are essential for tackling the intricate challenges posed by environmental toxins and their effects on public health. The Community Engagement Core (CEC) of the Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology (CEET) exemplifies this approach by involving diverse stakeholders, such as communities, health care professionals, and policymakers, to identify and address critical environmental health issues. The CEC's collaborative process focuses on reducing environmental risks and enhancing health outcomes for vulnerable populations through multidirectional communication and community involvement.[250.1] Community engagement in toxicology acts as a crucial link between scientific research and public comprehension. It involves activities that engage community members in discussions about toxicological risks, empowering them to make informed health and environmental decisions. This engagement is vital for improving public understanding, building trust, and ensuring that research findings lead to meaningful public health actions.[252.1] By disseminating accessible, science-based information about chemical exposures and their potential health risks, community outreach initiatives raise awareness of environmental health issues and encourage proactive exposure reduction measures.[252.1] Additionally, integrating ecological principles into environmental toxicology is pivotal for influencing policy decisions related to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. The interconnectedness of ecosystems necessitates a holistic approach to environmental health, as policies in one area can significantly impact others.[243.1] This perspective is crucial for developing effective regulations and management strategies that address the complexities of marine and coastal ecosystems, often affected by human activities.[242.1] Advancements in analytical chemistry techniques are also critical in collaborative efforts within environmental health. Techniques such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) enhance the detection and quantification of emerging pollutants in various environmental matrices. These advancements enable toxicologists to evaluate the interactions between environmental exposures and biological responses, informing risk assessment and regulatory frameworks.[263.1] By improving pollutant detection sensitivity and specificity, these techniques contribute to more effective monitoring and surveillance of environmental toxins, particularly in vulnerable communities disproportionately affected by harmful exposures.[265.1]In this section:
Challenges And Future Directions
Addressing Climate Change and Pollution
Emerging challenges in environmental toxicology are increasingly shaped by climate change and pollution, requiring innovative solutions. The integration of metabolomics into this field has proven effective in identifying biomarkers for early detection of environmental toxicity. This method facilitates the characterization of disease risks linked to environmental pollutants, emphasizing the necessity for versatile tools to analyze metabolic pathways under environmental stressors.[310.1] The concept of the exposome, which includes all environmental exposures over an individual's lifetime, is gaining importance in toxicological research. This approach seeks to connect human and ecosystem toxicology, providing a comprehensive understanding of chemical exposures and their health and environmental impacts.[286.1] However, the relationship between traditional toxicology methods and the exposome concept is still developing, highlighting the need for further research and collaboration. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as significant biomarkers for exposure and susceptibility to environmental hazards. Studies have shown that miRNAs offer insights into the mechanisms of environmental diseases, especially concerning exposure to hazardous substances.[288.1] The increasing evidence linking miRNAs to environmental factors underscores their potential to enhance our understanding of the long-term health effects of environmental toxins.[289.1] Engaging stakeholders in environmental toxicology is also crucial. Effective involvement can lead to informed decision-making, better regulatory outcomes, and increased research funding.[293.1] As the demand for stricter regulations and heightened awareness of chemical safety grows, laboratories must adapt to meet the evolving needs of diverse stakeholders while implementing flexible and cost-effective solutions.[292.1]The Role of Green Chemistry in Toxicology
The integration of environmental chemical exposomics with metabolomics marks a significant advancement in toxicology, offering insights into identifying harmful chemicals and their toxic metabolic signatures. This approach enhances the understanding of the adverse effects of chemical exposures and the underlying mechanisms, thereby informing future research and policy making in the field.[287.1] Additionally, exploring microRNA (miRNA) expression in relation to environmental exposures provides a promising avenue for understanding long-term health effects. Research suggests that in utero environmental exposures can influence disease development later in life, with miRNAs potentially mediating these health effects. Longitudinal studies are crucial for distinguishing causal relationships between miRNA expression and environmental exposure, potentially leading to the identification of early biomarkers for the biological effects of environmental carcinogens.[291.1] These advancements highlight the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in toxicology, particularly through the integration of exposomics, metabolomics, and miRNA research. Such collaborations can deepen the understanding of complex interactions between environmental toxins and human health, paving the way for innovative strategies in risk assessment and the development of safer chemical alternatives through green chemistry principles.In this section:
References
[2] Understanding Environmental Toxicology: Key Concepts and Advances ... — Environmental toxicology involves studying the effects of chemicals on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health, while risk assessment estimates the potential hazards posed by these chemicals. The increasing complexity of environmental pollutants, including pharmaceuticals, microplastics, and emerging contaminants, has driven the need for innovative tools and methodologies.
[3] Environmental Toxicology: History, Key Concepts, and Global Health ... — Environmental Toxicology, also known as entox, is defined by Britannica as the “ field of study in the environmental sciences that is concerned with the assessment of toxic substances in the environment.” Another definition of Environmental toxicology is, “A multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of harmful effects of various chemical, biological, and physical agents on living organisms.” Environmental Toxicology studies how environmental toxicants, through their interaction, influence the health and well-being of humans, animals, and plants. The sub-specializations include descriptive toxicology (which tests toxic chemicals), forensic toxicology (which investigates toxic substances in crime scenes), and environmental toxicology (which studies the effects of toxic chemicals on environmental health). Global toxicology concerns focus on the harmful effects of chemicals, pollutants, and toxins on human health and the environment.
[4] What is Environmental Toxicology? - The Environmental Literacy Council — Unlike traditional toxicology, which often focuses on the effects of substances on individual organisms in controlled settings, environmental toxicology looks at the bigger picture, encompassing the complex relationships between pollutants, various species, and entire ecosystems. Understanding the routes through which organisms are exposed to contaminants is a critical aspect of environmental toxicology. Environmental toxicology examines contaminants within different environmental matrices, including: Ecotoxicology is a sub-discipline of environmental toxicology that focuses on the effects of pollutants on populations, communities, and entire ecosystems. Environmental toxicology plays a critical role in assessing the potential health and ecological risks associated with exposure to environmental contaminants. Understanding the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on human health is fundamental for public health protection.
[5] Environmental Toxicology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics — 4.3 Political and societal aspects. Environmental toxicology is the study of environmental causes in populations and how these risks vary in relation to the intensity and duration of exposure and other factors, such as genetic susceptibility. It is undoubtedly the basic science on which government regulatory agencies depend on the definition of standards to protect the population and
[6] Toxicology And Public Health: Preventing Toxicological Threats — In public health, toxicology plays a critical role in identifying potential threats from chemicals, pollutants, and toxins that people may encounter in their daily lives. Toxicology helps inform public health policies and regulations by providing scientific evidence on the harmful effects of various substances. The study of the importance of environmental toxicology in public health enables professionals to assess risks, establish regulations, and develop strategies to mitigate exposure. By harnessing the power of technology like toxicology lab testing software, public health agencies can improve their ability to identify and respond to toxicological threats, ultimately enhancing the protection of public health. The Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health form the foundation of understanding toxic substances’ impact on human health, providing essential guidelines for assessing risks and implementing safety measures.
[7] Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health — Books intended to integrate the science of toxicology with the latter 2 disciplines therefore provide the necessary intellectual nexus for informed regulatory and policy decisions, along with needed agendas for research. Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health is one of several recent books intended to provide this important bridge.
[8] Integrating Toxicology into the One Health Paradigm: An ... — Integrating Toxicology into the One Health Paradigm: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Address Complex and Interconnected Environmental Challenges | Risk Assessment Portal | US EPA Integrating Toxicology into the One Health Paradigm: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Address Complex and Interconnected Environmental Challenges In recent years, One Health - an integrative, interdisciplinary approach interconnecting human, animal, and environmental health - has emerged as an essential framework for addressing the complex and evolving landscape of toxicological challenges. The presented poster underscores the essential role of systems-level thinking and a One Health approach in toxicology, with implications for risk assessment, and possible solutions or mitigation strategies. Integrating Toxicology into the One Health Paradigm: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Address Complex and Interconnected Environmental Challenges.
[9] Ecotoxicology and Regulation: Understanding Environmental Impact — Ecotoxicology and Regulation: Understanding Environmental Impact - Laws Learned Effective regulation relies on robust ecotoxicological data, enabling policymakers to address contamination and protect ecosystems from harmful substances. Overall, these assessment methods are vital in informing regulatory frameworks surrounding ecotoxicology and regulation, ensuring that human activities do not compromise environmental integrity. By integrating these sophisticated analytical techniques, regulators can enhance their ability to track pollutants and enforce compliance, ultimately advancing the goals of ecotoxicology and regulation within environmental law. Addressing the challenges posed by emerging contaminants is essential for developing robust ecotoxicological assessments and effective regulatory measures to protect ecosystems and human health. As a result, the integration of ecotoxicology and regulation leads to a more coherent approach to environmental law, protecting both ecosystems and human health.
[10] The role of toxicology in climate change: Understanding the risks of ... — 5. A call for adaptive toxicology and regulatory frameworks. Recent literature advocates for a change in perspective in toxicology toward more flexible and contemporary methodologies. An adaptive approach to toxicology and environmental regulation is necessary to face the intricate toxicological risk problems associated with a changing climate.
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[12] The regulatory challenge of chemicals in the environment: Toxicity ... — The regulatory challenge of chemicals in the environment: Toxicity testing, risk assessment, and decision-making models - PubMed The regulatory challenge of chemicals in the environment: Toxicity testing, risk assessment, and decision-making models The regulatory challenge of chemicals in the environment: Toxicity testing, risk assessment, and decision-making models Yet, as environmental objectives also increase in scope and sophistication to encompass a safe chemical economy, testing, risk assessment, and decision-making are subject to additional complexity due to the ongoing interaction between science and policy models. Problems associated with existing design and implementation choices in science and policy have both limited needed development beyond chemo-centric environmental risk assessment modeling and constrained needed improvements in environmental decision-making. Keywords: Complexity; Decision-making; Environmental risk assessment; Models; Regulations; Toxicity; Validation.
[13] Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment ... — Rik Oldenkamp, Timo Hamers, John Wilkinson, Jaap Slootweg, Leo Posthuma, Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current Practice and Future Priorities, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Volume 43, Issue 3, 1 March 2024, Pages 611–622, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5535 As such, we recommend continuous evaluation of new ecotoxicity data and insights under the principles of sound ecotoxicology (Harris et al., 2014), and their possible incorporation in updated SSDs. This is especially relevant when assessing individual chemicals in line with the “one substance – one assessment” approach laid out as part of the European Union Green Deal (e.g., van Dijk et al., 2021).
[16] New Study Highlights Escalating Dangers Of Microplastics To Ecosystems ... — The study examines the causes of microplastics, their prevalence, and their detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health. Plastic particles smaller than 5 mm are known as microplastics, and they have become a global problem. The fact that these contaminants are found in rivers, seas, remote mountains, and even within human bodies
[17] Potential Health Impact of Microplastics: A Review of Environmental ... — Microplastics are ubiquitous in the global environment. As a typical emerging pollutant, its potential health hazards have been widely concerning. In this brief paper, we introduce the source, identification, toxicity, and health hazard of microplastics in the human. The literature review shows that microplastics are frequently detected in environmental and human samples. Humans are
[41] (PDF) Milestones of Toxicology (English) - ResearchGate — The foundations of modern toxicology are built upon the significant milestones and discoveries of serendipity and crude experimentation. Throughout the ages, toxicological science has provided
[43] Exposure Science: A View of the Past and Milestones for the Future — BackgroundThe study of human exposure to environmental toxicants has evolved as a scientific field over the past 30 years.ObjectivesThis review provides a historical perspective on the growth of exposure science as a field, with some emphasis on the results from initial observational studies in obtaining information needed for generating hypotheses on significant human contact with
[44] Environmental Toxicology: History, Key Concepts, and Global Health ... — Environmental Toxicology, also known as entox, is defined by Britannica as the “ field of study in the environmental sciences that is concerned with the assessment of toxic substances in the environment.” Another definition of Environmental toxicology is, “A multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of harmful effects of various chemical, biological, and physical agents on living organisms.” Environmental Toxicology studies how environmental toxicants, through their interaction, influence the health and well-being of humans, animals, and plants. The sub-specializations include descriptive toxicology (which tests toxic chemicals), forensic toxicology (which investigates toxic substances in crime scenes), and environmental toxicology (which studies the effects of toxic chemicals on environmental health). Global toxicology concerns focus on the harmful effects of chemicals, pollutants, and toxins on human health and the environment.
[46] Identifying long-term health risks associated with environmental ... — Identifying long-term health risks associated with environmental chemical incidents - ScienceDirect Identifying long-term health risks associated with environmental chemical incidents We propose a framework to assess long-term risks from chemical incidents. We suggest integrating environmental monitoring and modeling approaches to assess the extent and composition of contamination caused by these chemicals. In addition, we provide an overview of both traditional and state-of-the-art approaches to risk assessment and introduce a three-tier risk assessment framework for evaluating the long-term health risks associated with environmental incidents. Next article in issue © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. No articles found.
[48] Ecotoxicity Testing Methods and Models - Biobide — The development and implementation of ecotoxicity testing methods allow the evaluation of the impact of the toxicity that certain chemicals have on fish, animals, mammals, water, plants and soil. These methods assess the effect of the survival, reproduction, growth and performance of these organisms after exposure to chemicals.
[50] The 9 Worst Chemical Plant Disasters in History — The Texas State Historical Association reports, "the disaster brought changes in chemical manufacturing and new regulations for the bagging, handling, and shipping of chemicals" and more than "3,000 lawsuits involving the United States government, since the chemical had originated in U.S. ordnance plants, were resolved by 1956."
[51] 20 of the Biggest Environmental Disasters in History - Stacker — 20 of the Biggest Environmental Disasters in History | Stacker Stacker compiled a list of 20 of the biggest environmental disasters in history to further investigate commonalities between these events and what can be learned to avoid them in the future. Regarded as the worst mining disaster in human history, more than 1,500 people died when a mixture of methane gas and coal dust caused an explosion in an underground shaft. In March 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil supertanker ran aground, spilling 11 million gallons of oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska, resulting in one of the biggest environmental disasters in U.S. history. If you’re interested in becoming a Stacker Distribution Partner and receiving rights to use the images that accompany a story, email us at publishers@stacker.com.
[52] 4 Disasters that Shaped US Environmental Policy - Lion — 4 Disasters that Shaped US Environmental Policy | Lion Technology Training RCRA Training EPA Training OSHA Training These events led Congress to write and pass the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), which requires companies that have chemicals onsite to help local and state emergency services prepare for releases of those chemicals that might impact the local population and environment. Convenient, Effective Online EHS Manager Training Managing site compliance with the many complex EPA programs that affect your business—from the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts to TSCA, EPCRA, CERLCA, and more—is a major challenge. Check out the latest EPA compliance training options here: Tags: CERCLA, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, EPA, EPCRA, hazardous waste management TRAINING Online Training Online Training
[77] Recent advances in environmental toxicology: Exploring gene editing ... — Recent advances in environmental toxicology: Exploring gene editing, organ-on-a-chip, chimeric animals, and in silico models - ScienceDirect In this review, we first introduce the advantages and disadvantages of traditional environmental toxicology methods, then review the principles and development of four high-end technologies, such as gene editing, organ-on-a-chip, chimeric animals, and in silico models, summarize their application in toxicity testing, and finally emphasize their importance/potential in environmental toxicology. However, the two-dimensional cell culture models cannot simulate the real microenvironments in vivo; thus, it is still difficult to predict the real toxicity of environmental pollutants in humans with those models (Faiola et al., 2015). Gene editing technologies have found applications in gene screening, drug development, disease treatment, and even environmental toxicology research (Hsu et al., 2014).
[83] Advancing Computational Toxicology by Interpretable Machine Learning — Chemical toxicity evaluations for drugs, consumer products, and environmental chemicals have a critical impact on human health. Traditional animal models to evaluate chemical toxicity are expensive, time-consuming, and often fail to detect toxicants in humans. Computational toxicology is a promising alternative approach that utilizes machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to
[84] Artificial Intelligence-Based Toxicity Prediction of Environmental ... — Recently, research on the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-based computational toxicology models that predict toxicity without the use of animal testing has emerged because of the rapid development of computer technology. Various computational toxicology techniques that predict toxicity based on the structure of chemical substances are gaining attention, including the quantitative
[90] Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies ... — Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies, environmental impact, and management strategies - ScienceDirect Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies, environmental impact, and management strategies This comprehensive review examines the chemical characteristics, sources, and varieties of ECs. It critically evaluates the current understanding of their environmental and health impacts, highlighting recent advancements and challenges in detection and analysis. It also suggests increased funding and support for research, development of advanced detection technologies, establishment of standardized methods, adoption of precautionary regulations, enhanced public awareness and education, cross-sectoral collaboration, and integration of scientific research into policy-making. By implementing these solutions, we can improve our ability to detect, monitor, and manage ECs, reducing environmental and public health risks. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
[91] Toxicology Research: Current Trends and Innovations — Toxicology research is a critical field focused on understanding the effects of harmful substances. Innovations in toxicology research, including organ-on-a-chip technology and machine learning, offer exciting opportunities for improving safety assessments. Toxicology research is vital for understanding the effects of harmful substances on living organisms. These trends will continue to shape the future of toxicology research and improve public health outcomes. Innovations in toxicology research significantly enhance testing accuracy and promote ethical practices. As toxicology research continues to evolve, it will lead to safer products and better protection for public health. Recent advancements in toxicology research have addressed critical issues affecting human health and the environment. The ongoing evolution of toxicology research holds great potential for improving our understanding of harmful substances and their impacts on living organisms.
[92] Toxicology Advances for 21st Century Chemical Pollution - PMC — Whereas comparative toxicology aims to understand chemicals that elicit common adverse outcomes across species, predictive toxicology routinely employs computational and other non-animal approaches to improve chemical hazard and risk assessments.3 These advances are further permeating in ecological applications aimed at prospectively (i.e., before a chemical goes to market) and retrospectively (i.e., after contamination has occurred) assessing and managing the impacts of chemical pollution. Fortunately, recent developments in comparative biology, computational chemistry, and pharmacology are being translated to provide basic and applied environment and health information to decision makers and practitioners in government agencies and industries, particularly within the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework.14 AOPs are conceptual models that can be used for understanding chemical activity and potential effects with available knowledge to describe causal linkages from molecular initiating events to adverse outcomes at the individual and population levels, which are relevant to chemical risk assessment.
[93] The 10th Anniversary of Toxics: Recent Advances in Toxicology Research ... — In this Special Issue there are 6 reviews and 13 research articles, covering a wide range of chemicals of environmental concern, from legacy pollutants, such as heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and bisphenol A (BPA), to emerging pollutants such as perfluorinated compounds, microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. The research contents include analysis of the adverse effects and toxic mechanisms of these chemicals, the development of new detection methods, biological and human exposure monitoring, theoretical prediction of compound toxicity, and environmental management of chemicals. Papaioannou et al.’s (Contribution 5) article review is focused on pharmaceutical pollution.
[94] Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies ... — Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies, environmental impact, and management strategies - ScienceDirect Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies, environmental impact, and management strategies This comprehensive review examines the chemical characteristics, sources, and varieties of ECs. It critically evaluates the current understanding of their environmental and health impacts, highlighting recent advancements and challenges in detection and analysis. It also suggests increased funding and support for research, development of advanced detection technologies, establishment of standardized methods, adoption of precautionary regulations, enhanced public awareness and education, cross-sectoral collaboration, and integration of scientific research into policy-making. By implementing these solutions, we can improve our ability to detect, monitor, and manage ECs, reducing environmental and public health risks. For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
[95] Organ-on-a-chip for assessing environmental toxicants - PMC — Organ-on-a-chip systems can recapitulate in vivo like environment and subsequently in vivo like responses generating a realistic mock-up of human organs of interest, which can potentially provide human physiology-relevant models for studying environmental toxicology. As illustrated in Figure 1, recent innovations in microfluidic technologies have produced organ-on-a-chip (OOC) platforms, which integrate advanced 3D tissue engineered constructs with microfluidic networks to minimize the shortcomings of in vitro 2D models [2•,4•]. [Authors highlights the importance of integrating microfluidic networks with 3D in vitro models to produce OOCs as robust preclinical screening models.] [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Multi-OOC exhibited appropriate phenotypic culture and provides significant progress towards human-on-a-chip.] [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
[96] Environmental Toxicology Assays Using Organ-on-Chip — Environmental Toxicology Assays Using Organ-on-Chip - PubMed Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation Search: Search Your saved search Name of saved search: Add to Search Environmental Toxicology Assays Using Organ-on-Chip Environmental Toxicology Assays Using Organ-on-Chip Add to Search Organ-on-chip (OOC) is a new platform that can bridge the gaps between in vitro assays (or 3D cell culture) and animal tests. In this review, recent attempts of environmental toxicology assays using OOCs, including multiple-organs-on-chip, are summarized and compared with OOC-based drug toxicity screening. Keywords: biosensors; cell-based assays; environmental toxicants; in vitro assays; multiple-organs-on-chip. Add to Search Add to Search Add to Search Add to Search Add to Search Add to Search Add to Search Add to Search
[113] PDF — The Tackling Emerging Contaminants (TEC) Water Technical Assistance (WaterTA) initiative provides technical assistance to small or disadvantaged communities to assess and address drinking water contamination from emerging contaminants and perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). TEC aims to further administration of the
[114] EPA unveils new plan to combat PFAS and address emerging water contaminants — The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched a new, no-cost technical assistance effort focused on reducing exposure to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and other emerging contaminants in small or disadvantaged communities. This initiative is part of EPA's Water Technical Assistance (WaterTA) program.. The Tackling Emerging Contaminants initiative will help eligible
[115] EPA Launches New Initiative to Tackle PFAS, Identify Emerging ... — This initiative is part of EPA's Water Technical Assistance (WaterTA) program. The Tackling Emerging Contaminants initiative will help eligible public drinking-water systems evaluate emerging contaminant issues, conduct initial water quality testing, and identify next steps in 200 small or disadvantaged communities over the next three years
[122] Mechanisms of Toxicity - ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and ... — Frequently, there is a difference among the type of toxicity, the mechanism of toxicity, and the level of effect, related to whether the adverse effects are due to a single, acute high dose (like an accidental poisoning), or a lower-dose repeated exposure (from occupational or environmental exposure). ... Environmental Toxicology. London
[126] Environmental Immunology: Lessons learned from exposure to a select ... — Exposure to and effects of environmental toxicants. Open in a new tab. Toxicants may access the human body through four points of entry (skin, blood, respiratory, and digestive tracts) as shown in blue and affect numerous organs, including the immune system. ... also make their interactions with biological systems difficult to anticipate and
[127] Biomarkers of Environmental Toxicants: Exposure and Biological Effects ... — In this Special Issue on “Biomarkers of Environmental Toxicants”, original research and review articles are reported on the latest biochemical, bioanalytical, and mass spectrometry-based technologies to monitor exposures through targeted and nontargeted methods, and on mechanistic studies that examine the biological effects of environmental toxicants in cells and humans. The applications of radiocarbon tracer technology in cancer-related studies assessing low-dose toxicology studies of naphthalene-DNA adduct formation, benzo[a]pyrene pharmacokinetics in humans, and the antibacterial triclocarban exposure and impact on the endocrine system are reported . In summary, this collection of original research and review articles provides a valuable update of the most recent biochemical and analytical tools that employ biomarkers in toxicology research, biomarker discovery, and exposure and risk assessment in population-based studies.
[129] Ecological Risks Due to Immunotoxicological Effects on Aquatic ... — Exposure to pollutant chemicals has reportedly caused aquatic organisms to show various immunotoxic symptoms such as histological changes of lymphoid tissue, changes of immune functionality and the distribution of immune cells, and changes in the resistance of organisms to infection by pathogens. This review introduced the immunotoxicological impact of pollutant chemicals in aquatic organisms, including invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and marine mammals; described typical biomarkers used in aquatic immunotoxicological studies; and then, discussed the current issues on ecological risk assessment and how to address ecological risk assessment through immunotoxicology. 198.Maltby L., Brock T.C.M., van den Brink P.J. Fungicide Risk Assessment for Aquatic Ecosystems: Importance of Interspecific Variation, Toxic Mode of Action, and Exposure Regime. Effects of aquatic contaminants on immune system in aquatic organisms and ecological risk (in Japanese) Jpn. J.
[131] Redox toxicology of environmental chemicals causing oxidative stress — Extensive studies have demonstrated a strong link between environmental pollutants and human health. Redox toxicity is proposed as one of the main mechanisms of chemical-induced pathology in humans. Acting as both a sensor of oxidative stress and a positive regulator of antioxidants, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has
[132] Influence of environmental exposure on human epigenetic regulation — The majority of studies in human populations have focused on DNA methylation, and only in recent years have additional epigenetic mechanisms including histone modification and the expression patterns of microRNA (miRNA) begun to be explored. By demonstrating that related and overlapping epigenetic mechanisms are also susceptible to alteration by arsenic exposure, these findings lend support to the studies linking DNA methylation and arsenic exposure in human populations. The key role that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, play in cellular differentiation and determination also leads to a fundamental challenge in the examination of epigenetic alterations related to the environment in human population studies.
[133] Progress in toxicogenomics to protect human health — These frameworks must be flexible enough to incorporate the growing tide of data from emerging high-throughput techniques yet robust enough to withstand the scrutiny of regulatory assessment.
[134] In silico toxicology: From structure-activity relationships towards ... — In silico toxicology is an emerging field. It gains increasing importance as research is aiming to decrease the use of animal experiments as suggested in the 3R principles by Russell and Burch. ... Limban and coworkers propose the replacement of structural alerts by functional groups that counteract the supposed toxicity mechanism rather than
[135] Mechanism of toxicity and adverse health effects of environmental ... — Mechanism of toxicity and adverse health effects of environmental pollutants - ScienceDirect Chapter 2 - Mechanism of toxicity and adverse health effects of environmental pollutants Different functional groups of EPS, such as carboxyl, amide, phosphoryl, and hydroxyl, are involved in the removal of toxic pollutants from contaminated environments. This review discusses the sources of PHs, properties, distribution, transport, and fate in the environment, internal and external factors affecting the soil remediation and restoration process, and its effective re-utilization for agriculture. This review paper suggests using bio-electrochemical systems that utilize electro-chemically active microorganisms to remediate and restore polluted soil with PHs that would be eco-friendlier and help tailor-made effective and sustainable remediation technologies.
[136] Epigenetic toxicity of environmental pollutants: causes, mechanisms ... — In recent decades, an increasing number of environmental pollutants have been implicated as epigenetic toxicants due to their characteristics of altering epigenetic marks, including DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNAs. Identifying the epigenotoxicity of pollutants and elucidating their underlying mechanisms are of great importance to a better understanding of their adverse
[137] Interactions between Air Pollution and Terrestrial Ecosystems ... — Abstract Interactions between air pollution and terrestrial ecosystems play an important role in the Earth system. However, process-based knowledge of air pollution-terrestrial ecosystem interactions is limited, hindering accurate quantification of how changes in tropospheric chemistry, biogeochemical cycling, and climate affect air quality and its impact on humans and ecosystems.
[138] Ecosystems have multiple interacting processes that buffer against co ... — Synergistic interactions between multiple buffering processes, both abiotic (e.g., adsorption) and biotic (biodegradation and biodiversity), would further enhance ecosystem resistance to multiple stressors (Figure 3). The negative effect of toxic pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems could be suppressed by reducing their concentration via
[146] Sewage pollution, declining ecosystem health, and cross-sector ... — Sewage pollution, declining ecosystem health, and cross-sector collaboration - ScienceDirect Sewage pollution, declining ecosystem health, and cross-sector collaboration Sewage pollution hotspots are common and occur globally. Studies warn sewage pollution threatens biodiversity and ecosystem health. A mapping exercise highlights global hotspots in sewage pollution commonly occur in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine systems. Mitigating sewage pollution must be prioritized by both the conservation and public health sectors. We provide examples of how sewage can affect natural ecosystems and where hotspots in sewage contamination commonly overlap with these habitats. Given the global extent of sewage pollution in and near natural habitats, conservation biologists and managers must address this threat. Next article in issue For all open access content, the relevant licensing terms apply.
[147] How Does Pollution Impact Biodiversity? - The Environmental Literacy ... — Water pollution, stemming from industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, sewage, and plastic waste, contaminates freshwater ecosystems, coastal areas, and oceans, threatening a vast array of aquatic life. Impact on Soil Organisms: Soil pollution can wipe out beneficial soil microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi which are crucial for nutrient cycling, plant growth, and overall ecosystem health. Pollution impacts biodiversity at all levels, from individual organisms to entire ecosystems. For example, pollution can disrupt predator-prey relationships, reduce the diversity of plant communities, and make ecosystems less resilient to disturbances like climate change or disease outbreaks. Pollution also impacts the genetic diversity of species, often leading to populations becoming less adaptable to changing environmental conditions. Degraded ecosystems and polluted environments compromise access to essential resources like clean water and air.
[160] What is Environmental Toxicology? - The Environmental Literacy Council — Unlike traditional toxicology, which often focuses on the effects of substances on individual organisms in controlled settings, environmental toxicology looks at the bigger picture, encompassing the complex relationships between pollutants, various species, and entire ecosystems. Understanding the routes through which organisms are exposed to contaminants is a critical aspect of environmental toxicology. Environmental toxicology examines contaminants within different environmental matrices, including: Ecotoxicology is a sub-discipline of environmental toxicology that focuses on the effects of pollutants on populations, communities, and entire ecosystems. Environmental toxicology plays a critical role in assessing the potential health and ecological risks associated with exposure to environmental contaminants. Understanding the toxic effects of environmental pollutants on human health is fundamental for public health protection.
[162] 6.1: Risk Assessment - Chemistry LibreTexts — Toxicology-based approaches to hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure analysis, and characterization of risks were described in the 1983 Red Book Hazard identification is the first step in the risk assessment process as defined by the National Academy of Sciences. Hazard identification; dose-response assessment; exposure assessment; risk characterization The framework proposed by the co-authors of the "Silver Book" involves enhanced problem formulation and scoping; planning and assessment; and risk management. This page titled 6.1: Risk Assessment is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by ToxMSDT Online component via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform.
[163] EXTOXNET TIBs - RISK ASSESSMENT BACKGROUND — This evaluation is known as risk assessment, and is based on the capacity of a chemical to cause harm (its toxicity), and the potential for humans to be exposed to that chemical in a particular situation; for example, workplace or home. For example, characterizing the risk of a pesticide to applicators requires knowing exactly what dose (amount) of this pesticide causes what effects (dose-response assessment) and what dose workers are exposed to (exposure assessment). How can this information be used to assess the level of chemical that will cause one additional cancer in a million animals or, more importantly, in a million humans? Thus, the techniques available for assessment of chronic toxicity, especially carcinogenicity, provide rather clear evidence as to whether or not a particular chemical causes a particular effect in animals.
[165] Environmental Risk Assessment: Risk and Reward: Managing Environmental ... — In the realm of environmental risk assessment, the significance of regulatory frameworks cannot be overstated. These frameworks serve as the backbone for ensuring environmental accountability, providing a structured approach to managing the delicate balance between industrial growth and environmental stewardship. They are designed to enforce
[166] Environmental Risk Assessment in ISO 14001 - ISMS.online — Environmental risk assessments often employ methodologies such as Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP), and Bow-Tie Analysis. ... Effective documentation and communication of risk evaluation results are essential for transparency and accountability. This involves:
[168] PDF — 2023;7(4):190 1 Environ Risk Assess Remediat 2023 Volume 7 Issue 4 Case Report https://www.alliedacademies.org/environmental-risk-assessment-and remediation/ Public Participation and Stakeholder Engagement in Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation Processes. Stakeholder Engagement and Collaboration Stakeholder engagement extends beyond the public and includes a broader range of individuals and organizations with a vested interest in environmental risk assessment and remediation. Limited awareness and understanding among the public and stakeholders about risk assessment and remediation processes hinder meaningful engagement. Enhancing Public Participation and Stakeholder Engagement Several strategies can enhance the effectiveness of public participation and stakeholder engagement in environmental risk assessment and remediation processes. 2023;7(4):190 Environ Risk Assess Remediat 2023 Volume 7 Issue 4 2 Conclusion Public participation and stakeholder engagement are integral to effective environmental risk assessment and remediation processes.
[169] The hazards of hazard identification in environmental epidemiology — Hazard identification is a major scientific challenge, notably for environmental epidemiology, and is often surrounded, as the recent case of glyphosate shows, by debate arising in the first place by the inherently problematic nature of many components of the identification process. Particularly relevant in this respect are components less amenable to logical or mathematical formalization and
[170] Hazard identification for contaminants - PubMed — Finally based on these information a conceptual model has to be developed to define the possible exposure and assessment scenarios. Herein, the aforementioned key issues concerning the problem-hazard identification stage of ecological risk assessment for contaminants have been briefly reviewed.
[176] A Screening Method for Assessing Cumulative Impacts — 2.2. Analytical Approach. An overall cumulative impact score for an area is calculated by multiplying its pollution burden score—the sum of the scores for exposures, public health effects and environmental effects—by its population characteristics score—the sum of the scores for sensitive population and socioeconomic factors (see Figure 2).This multiplicative approach is consistent with
[177] Exploring multiple stressor effects with Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace ... — Models are therefore a necessary component of the toolkit for investigating ecosystem-level cumulative effects (Hodgson and Halpern, 2018).The most common modeling approaches are simple, for example, assuming linear ecosystem responses to stress and no interactions between stressors (Halpern et al., 2008; Korpinen and Andersen, 2016).Such simple models can yield important insights, e.g., into
[178] Interactive effects of multiple stressors in coastal ecosystems — For a holistic understanding of the cumulative effects of multiple stressors in coastal ecosystems, however, we suggest that more research focus should be placed on studying community and ecosystem-level responses. This can be achieved by combining in-situ observations (e.g. mesocosm experiments) with modelling approaches. In addition, other
[179] Synergistic Effects of Climate Change and Marine Pollution: An ... — Synergistic effects are likely to occur as multiple stressors impact coastal ecosystems (e.g., ), which has important implications for improved knowledge and management of the ecological and economic consequences of both chemical pollution and climate change. Overall, coastal ecosystems may be particularly conspicuous to interactions between climate-change and chemical pollutants, due to the convergence of high levels of anthropogenic contamination resulting from present-day and historical discharges of multiple chemical compounds, with environmental changes predicted to be more pronounced and frequent in coastal areas than in the open ocean, such as hypoxia and decreased pH linked to increased freshwater runoff and nutrient discharge (e.g., ). 82.Coelho F.J., Santos A.L., Coimbra J., Almeida A., Cunha A., Cleary D.F., Calado R., Gomes N.C. Interactive effects of global climate change and pollution on marine microbes: The way ahead.
[180] Ecological interactions amplify cumulative effects in marine ecosystems — There is a growing demand for the management of the structural properties of whole communities to preserve ecosystems (13-16) and for a broader application of regional cumulative effects assessments (17, 18).These are integral to an ecosystem-based approach to environmental management (); still, species interactions remain conspicuously absent from the environmental management literature
[193] Ecosystem Indicators - US Forest Service Research and Development — Ecosystem Indicators | US Forest Service Research and Development The U.S. Forest Service has surveyed indicators of ecosystem health for more than two decades, focusing on key threats such as climate change, invasive species, and air pollution. Epiphytic lichens (i.e. growing on woody plants) play many roles in forest ecosystems, serving as nesting, wildlife forage, and contributing to nutrient cycling. FIA researchers use Lichen Communities Indicator data to address questions about forest biodiversity and health. Ozone bioindicator plants are used to monitor changes in air quality across a region, and to assess the relationship between ozone air quality and indicators of forest condition (e.g., growth increment and dieback). Treesearch Research Data Archive Forest Inventory & Analysis Research Topics News About Us
[194] Indicators of ecosystem recovery | Environmental Management - Springer — Suites of indicators, with variety of purposes, are required to assess response and recovery of most ecosystems and most stresses. We suggest that measures of certain ecosystem processes may provide special insight on the early stages of recovery; the use of functional indicators as complimentary to other biotic indicators is highlighted in an
[195] (PDF) Ecosystem Health Indicators - ResearchGate — With regard to environmental management, decision makers' actions are required if the ecosystem health indicators reach undesirable levels in order to restore preferred conditions and the
[199] 2.6.5.1: Introduction to Regulatory Toxicology - Biology LibreTexts — Regulatory Toxicology is where the science of toxicology meets the regulations, policies and guidelines that protect human health and the environment from chemicals. ... The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has authority over FIFRA, and has in turn established many policies and guidelines concerning pesticides. One area that EPA has
[200] 38.6.5: Regulatory Frameworks - Chemistry LibreTexts — Since 2006, EU law requires an environmental risk assessment (ERA) for all new applications for a marketing authorization of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. The authorisation procedure requires an environmental risk assessment (ERA) to be submitted by the applicants for each new human and veterinary medicinal product. In Europe, an ERA for human pharmaceuticals has to be conducted according to the Guideline on Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use (EMA 2006). In 2007, an analysis of the differences of soil and groundwater screening values and of the underlying regulatory frameworks, human health and ecological risk assessment procedures (Carlon, 2007) was launched.
[201] Chapter 2: The Role of Industries in Environmental Regulations — Introduction Industries in Canada play a crucial role in shaping environmental regulations, balancing economic growth with sustainability. While governments set environmental policies, industries often lobby for favorable terms, invest in green technology, and implement corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. This chapter explores the interactions between industries and
[202] The Role of Environmental Regulations in Polymer Manufacturing — The Role of Environmental Regulations in Polymer Manufacturing Therefore, implementing robust environmental regulations is crucial to minimizing these impacts and promoting sustainability within the polymer manufacturing industry. For polymer manufacturers, this regulatory landscape demands not only compliance but also innovation in processing techniques, materials, and product design. In this context, a detailed examination of the role of environmental regulations in polymer manufacturing is paramount, as it highlights both the challenges and opportunities for sustainable industrial practices. Environmental regulations significantly influence the operational practices of polymer manufacturers. The necessity to comply with environmental regulations has been a catalyst for innovation in the polymer industry. In conclusion, environmental regulations play a critical role in shaping the polymer manufacturing industry.
[203] The Surprising Way Companies Can Shape Environmental Regulations — Actively participating in regulatory reporting and open comment periods can help companies shape regulations and establish themselves as proactive, conscientious leaders in their industries. Proactive participation in regulatory processes strengthens corporate credibility, and companies that engage in reporting mandates and comment periods demonstrate environmental responsibility to regulators, customers, investors, and the public. By participating in both reporting mandates and open comment periods, businesses can position themselves as proactive industry leaders, influence policy decisions, and better prepare for regulatory changes. Engaging in reporting mandates and open comment periods helps businesses assess risks related to material sourcing, supplier compliance, and the long-term availability of key components. Engaging in reporting mandates and open comment periods helps businesses assess risks related to material sourcing, supplier compliance, and the long-term availability of key components.
[204] Environmental Regulations and Manufacturing - IndustrySelect — Many of these regulations, including new rules in the EU and the U.S., aim to make data and progress towards sustainability targets more transparent and standardized. For B2B manufacturers, these regulations and incentives mean re-evaluating their production processes, supply chains, and product designs to meet new environmental standards. The new sustainability regulations have a profound impact on the sales strategies of companies selling to manufacturers. Sales teams must now be well-versed in environmental regulations and able to communicate how their products or services can help manufacturers comply with these new standards. New sustainability regulations are not just changing how manufacturers operate; they are also reshaping the sales strategies of those who sell to them.
[206] Adopting International Environmental Standards Domestically — The alignment of domestic laws with international environmental standards is crucial for enhancing national regulatory frameworks. This integration helps address transboundary environmental issues and fosters a unified approach to safeguarding the planet for future generations. The Intersection of International and Domestic Law
[207] The Difficulties of Enforcing Global Environmental Law — In conclusion, the failure to enforce the global environmental rule of law is based, at least in part, upon issues of the individual state and international level. Lack of ability and, in some cases, motivation to effectively implement these policies on an individual state level, and lack of effective enforcement mechanisms on the international level both contribute to the global community’s failure to enforce the environmental rule of law, as documented in the UN report.
[208] Environmental Policy Convergence: The Impact of International — icies. Signing an international environmental agreement is a voluntary decision, and the provisions of such a treaty usually leave much leeway for national implementation - which is true even in the case of the EU. In the first era of environmental policy, states reacted differently to the chal-lenges, just as they do with climate change.
[211] Environmental Stressor Importance: Science versus Media — Another aspect affecting scientific investigations of environmental risk is media focus, which can influence research (Burton 2017). Given the daily news about climate change, natural disasters, endangered species, and chemical exposures, it is useful to understand public perceptions of risk—which are influenced by both science and media
[214] Beliefs, Politics, and Environmental Policy | Review of Environmental ... — Abstract Experts and the general public often perceive environmental problems differently. Moreover, regulatory responses to environmental issues often do not coincide with consensus expert recommendations. These two facts are mutually consistent—it is unlikely that regulations based on factual claims that are substantially different from voters' opinions would be politically feasible
[220] Outlook on Industry-Academia-Government Collaborations Impacting ... — Internal funding opportunities at companies may include the financial support to initiate such arrangements with academic SMEs. The decision to invest in an academic collaboration versus another company in the industry (e.g., a contract research organization) depends on the nature of the scope of work. Overall, the outlook for industry-academic-government collaborations seems to be on an upward trend having the potential to synergize and complement the unique roles of universities, government institutes and centers, and private companies toward achieving the broader mission of promoting scientific innovation and addressing public health needs. L. , 2023, “ Building Knowledge Spillover Through Regional Industry-Academic Collaborations: A Case Study,” Institute for Global Business Research Conference (IGBR), New Orleans, LA, Apr. 19–21, p.
[221] Collaborative research among academia, business, and government ... — However, collaborative research among academia, industry, and government is not without challenges. The foremost factor that undermines tripartite collaboration is perception of bias. When the mere interaction of cross‐sector collaboration is ridiculed by a default narrative implying collusion and coercion, the result is missed opportunity.
[222] Collaboration Over Competition: Advancing the Use of Microphysiological ... — Key to this mission is a collaborative effort between the regulatory agency and academic scientists to ensure a high quality of scientific approaches and outcomes when compared to animal testing. Similarly, the FDA's Innovative Science and Technology Approaches for New Drugs (ISTAND) Pilot Program includes a pathway to qualify proposed MPS as
[239] Integrating Toxicology into the One Health Paradigm: An ... — Integrating Toxicology into the One Health Paradigm: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Address Complex and Interconnected Environmental Challenges | Risk Assessment Portal | US EPA Integrating Toxicology into the One Health Paradigm: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Address Complex and Interconnected Environmental Challenges In recent years, One Health - an integrative, interdisciplinary approach interconnecting human, animal, and environmental health - has emerged as an essential framework for addressing the complex and evolving landscape of toxicological challenges. The presented poster underscores the essential role of systems-level thinking and a One Health approach in toxicology, with implications for risk assessment, and possible solutions or mitigation strategies. Integrating Toxicology into the One Health Paradigm: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Address Complex and Interconnected Environmental Challenges.
[240] Program: Environmental Toxicology, PhD - Clemson University - Modern ... — The graduate program in Environmental Toxicology is an interdisciplinary program preparing students for careers in academia, private businesses or government agencies involved in environmental issues. ... A focus on interdisciplinary approaches and sound science is fundamental to our education and research activities with participating faculty
[241] Environmental Toxicology: History, Key Concepts, and Global Health ... — Environmental Toxicology, also known as entox, is defined by Britannica as the “ field of study in the environmental sciences that is concerned with the assessment of toxic substances in the environment.” Another definition of Environmental toxicology is, “A multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the study of harmful effects of various chemical, biological, and physical agents on living organisms.” Environmental Toxicology studies how environmental toxicants, through their interaction, influence the health and well-being of humans, animals, and plants. The sub-specializations include descriptive toxicology (which tests toxic chemicals), forensic toxicology (which investigates toxic substances in crime scenes), and environmental toxicology (which studies the effects of toxic chemicals on environmental health). Global toxicology concerns focus on the harmful effects of chemicals, pollutants, and toxins on human health and the environment.
[242] Using Ecological Models to Support and Shape Environmental Policy Decisions — Marine and coastal ecosystems are directly or indirectly affected by human activities. Because of their complexity (linkages/interactions and temporal/spatial extent) predicting the effects of regulations and management measures that influence these ecosystems has been challenging. Ecological and socio-ecological models have been recognized to be essential in addressing this issue. In fact
[243] Exploring the Ecological Approach in Public Policy — Key principles of the ecological approach 🔗. To effectively implement the ecological approach in public policy, several key principles need to be considered: 1. Interconnectedness 🔗. One of the core principles is the recognition of interconnectedness. Policies in one area can have far-reaching effects on other areas.
[244] Community responses to contaminants: Using basic ecological principles ... — Integration of basic ecological principles into the design and implementation of ecotoxicological research is essential for predicting contaminant effects within the context of ... Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 1789-1800, 2009 ' 2009 SETAC Printed in the USA 0730-7268/09 $12.00 + .00
[245] PDF — J o u r n a l o f E c o l o g y a n d T o x i c o l o g y Open Access Journal of Ecology and Toxicology Volume 8 • Issue 6 • 1000248 J Ecol Toxicol, an open access journal Ecological Risk Assessment: Bridging Toxicology and Environmental Conservation Souza Bikiaris* Institute for Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Greece Abstract Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a critical tool for evaluating the potential impacts of environmental stressors, such as pollutants, on ecosystems and their biodiversity. Keywords: Ecological risk assessment; Toxicology; Environmental conservation; Ecosystem health; Pollutants Introduction The intersection of toxicology and environmental conservation presents a unique challenge and opportunity in the context of ecological risk assessment (ERA).
[246] Multi-omics integration analysis: Tools and applications in ... — This review summarized sample preparation methods, integration analysis tools and the application of multi-omics integration analyses in environmental toxicology field. Currently, omics methods have been widely applied being as the sensitivity of early biological response, especially for low-dose and long-term exposure to environmental pollutants.
[247] Institutional insights on integrating social and environmental science ... — Solving complex environmental problems requires research that integrates the social and biophysical sciences (Brondizio et al., 2016; Burke et al., 2017; Clark and Wallace, 2015; National Research Council, 2012). This article chronicles how the EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) is working to integrate the social and biophysical sciences to advance interdisciplinary, solutions-driven science for environmental problem solving. The Homeland Security Research Program, for example, did a systematic literature review of the social science of environmental cleanups (Maxwell et al., 2018). Integrating social and environmental science in research planning for individual projects requires attention to problem formulation, or clarifying the problem to study (Fig. 1) (Clark et al., 2017; EPA, 2016b).
[250] Outreach and Engagement Core - UTMB Health — Our Vision: The Community Engagement Core (CEC) serves as the nexus between and among the Center in Environmental Toxicology’s stakeholders and target audiences, including our scientists, community members and organizations, health care practitioners, and those engaged in policy-making related to environmental health. Our Mission: The CEC’s mission is to 1) translate and disseminate environmental health science for the communities we serve, and 2) to guide Center research through multidirectional communications with Center stakeholders. To fulfill our mission, we have established the infrastructure to enable ongoing, meaningful, multidirectional communication between our networks of community partners and CET scientists to facilitate translation of Center science, increase environmental health literacy, and build relationships that will lead to research responsive to our communities’ needs.
[252] Community Outreach And Engagement Core - Toxicology — Community Outreach And Engagement Core - Toxicology Community Outreach and Engagement core - Toxicology In the field of Toxicology, community outreach and engagement are vital components that help bridge the gap between scientific research and public understanding. ### What is the Purpose of Community Outreach in Toxicology?The primary purpose of community outreach in toxicology is to provide the public with accessible, science-based information about chemical exposures and their potential health risks. Outreach efforts aim to educate communities about toxic substances, promote awareness of environmental health issues, and empower individuals to take proactive steps in reducing their risk of exposure. By fostering dialogue, collaboration, and trust between scientists and communities, toxicologists can help ensure that research findings translate into meaningful public health actions, ultimately leading to improved environmental and human health outcomes.
[263] Advances in Environmental Analytical Chemistry — Environmental analytical chemistry provides the tools to identify, quantify, and monitor pollutants. Advancements in analytical techniques, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, have enabled the analysis of pollutants with enhanced sensitivity and specificity, allowing for the detection at lower concentrations than previously possible. A major challenge in environmental analytical chemistry is achieving the high sensitivity and specificity required to detect low concentrations of pollutants within complex environmental matrices. Advances in environmental analytical chemistry have greatly enhanced the ability to monitor pollutants, providing valuable insights for environmental assessments and regulatory decision-making aimed at protecting the environment and public health. Retrieved on March 23, 2025 from https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Advances-in-Environmental-Analytical-Chemistry.aspx. <https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Advances-in-Environmental-Analytical-Chemistry.aspx>. https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Advances-in-Environmental-Analytical-Chemistry.aspx. AZoLifeSciences, viewed 23 March 2025, https://www.azolifesciences.com/article/Advances-in-Environmental-Analytical-Chemistry.aspx.
[265] The role of toxicology in climate change: Understanding the risks of ... — Furthermore, we should enhance the effectiveness of monitoring and surveillance of climate-sensitive toxins in the most vulnerable areas. ... International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 ... & Cushing, L. (2020). Chemical exposures, health, and environmental justice in communities living on the fenceline of industry.
[286] The Exposome and Toxicology: A Win-Win Collaboration — The exposome encompasses the life course environmental exposures including lifestyle factors from the prenatal period onwards. It has inspired many research programs and is expected to influence environmental and health research, practices, and policies. Yet, the links bridging toxicology and the exposome concept have not been well developed.
[287] Environmental Chemical Exposomics and Metabolomics in Toxicology: The ... — By integrating environmental chemical exposomics with metabolomics, researchers can gain valuable information for identifying key chemicals that lead to adverse outcomes and their toxic metabolic signatures, thereby clarifying the potentially harmful effects of these chemical exposures and the underlying mechanisms involved. The research papers focus on developing new methods for detecting specific chemical exposomes, exploring new aspects of exposome-related toxicity, applying metabolomics, and integrating metabolic information with exposomics and other omics across different biological layers in toxicology. The articles in this Special Issue offer new perspectives on environmental chemical exposome and metabolome research in toxicology, including advancements in detection method development, toxicity, and metabolic mechanism exploration, which enhances our understanding in this field and serves as a foundation for future research and policy making.
[288] Environmental chemicals and microRNAs - ScienceDirect — We further discuss the challenges in environmental-miRNA research and possible future directions. The accumulating evidence linking miRNAs to environmental chemicals, coupled with the unique regulatory role of miRNAs in gene expression, makes miRNAs potential biomarkers for better understanding the mechanisms of environmental diseases.
[289] Towards the understanding of microRNA and environmental factor ... — Increasing studies have shown that the interactions between microRNAs (miRNAs) and environmental factors (EFs) play critical roles in determining phenotypes and diseases. In this study, we
[291] The effects of environmental chemical carcinogens on the microRNA ... — International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Volume 217, Issue 6, July 2014, Pages 601-627. ... only long-term exposures are able to induce an irreversible alteration of the miRNA ... These data are useful for applying miRNA alterations as early markers of the biological effects of exposure to environmental carcinogens in healthy
[292] Stakeholder Involvement - Toxicology — Engaging stakeholders in toxicology ensures that diverse perspectives are considered, leading to more comprehensive and ethically sound decisions. ... Heightened awareness of issues such as chemical safety and environmental health can drive demand for stricter regulations and increased funding for research. Conversely, misinformation or lack of
[293] 13 Stakeholder Perspectives - PFAS — Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances — Environmental regulators and responsible parties also benefit from informed, constructive stakeholder involvement because it can help them make better decisions, reduce the likelihood of costly, time-consuming repeated work, and allow those in affected communities to have a voice in governing the long-term use of land, water, and other resources.
[310] Metabolomics: A New Approach in the Evaluation of Effects in Human ... — The high sensitivity and efficacy of metabolomics in analyzing the metabolic pathways responses in cells, tissues, and biofluids exposed to environmental stressors promises to be important in the ecological risk assessment through the identification of new biomarkers and toxicity mechanism of pollutants .